Book Report on I Know Why The Caged Birds Sing by Maya...

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings is a novel by Maya Angelou, where she writes about her childhood and her experiences while growing up. This non-fiction novel illustrates Maya Angelou’s childhood, being tossed around by her parents, and having to experience different cultures. Maya struggles particularly in finding friends, she is reserved, and will only open up to Bailey, her brother. Maya moves a couple of times to different places, which may contribute to her not having friends. The novel revolves around Maya Angelou, Bailey, and her grandmother, evolving through life from being a child to a teenager. This novel is set in the â€Å"South†, in America. Maya Angelou describes what her life with her grandmother is like while constantly being discriminated against her race. She then found her father, and he leaves Maya and Bailey off to their mother’s house. There, the mother’s boyfriend rapes Maya. After suffering from psychological shock, Maya then moves b ack to her grandmother’s. As a teenager Maya gets nervous about her sexual identity and tries to discover it. Through these harsh times, the naà ¯ve and softhearted Maya grows to become a strong, independent woman. A major theme in this book is about God. Seen in, â€Å"If there is going to be hope and a hope of wholeness, is the unshaking need for an unshakeable God.† (23) Maya’s grandma is a firm believer of God, and since Maya moves in with her, she forces Maya to go to church every Sunday. Even through all the trials andShow MoreRelated Comparing In Search of Our Mothers Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1145 Words   |  5 PagesIn Search of Our Mothers Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings      Ã‚  Ã‚   Alice Walker and Maya Angelou are two contemporary African-American writers.   Although almost a generation apart in age, both women display a remarkable similarity in their lives.   Each has written about her experiences growing up in the rural South, Ms. Walker through her essays and Ms. Angelou in her autobiographies.   Though they share similar backgrounds, each has a unique style which gives to us, the readersRead MoreSimilarities Between Alice Walker And Maya Angelou1074 Words   |  5 PagesAlice Walker and Maya Angelou are two contemporary African-American writers. Although almost a generation apart in age, both women display a remarkable similarity in their lives. Each has written about her experiences growing up in the rural South, Ms. Walker through her essays and Ms. Angelou in her autobiographies. Though they share similar backgrounds, each has a unique style that gives the readers, the gift of their exquisite humanity, with all of its frailt ies and strengths, joys and sorrowsRead MoreReflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†2242 Words   |  9 Pagesfor â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† Abstract This essay consists of three sections. The first section, a brief synopsis of the book â€Å"I know why caged bird sings† is presented. At the second part, three insights after reading the book are introduced. That is, metaphor of caged bird, power of literacy, and power of silence. At the last section, discipline-specific knowledge that relevant to the main character of book is stated. Synopsis of the Text This autobiography is Maya Angelou’sRead More Quest for Self-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lakota Woman2704 Words   |  11 PagesSelf-Determination in I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and Lakota Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚   During their growing up years, children struggle to find their personal place in society. It is difficult for children to find their place when they are given numerous advantages, but when a child is oppressed by their parents or grandparents, males in their life, and the dominant culture, the road to achieving self-identity is fraught with enormous obstacles to overcome. Maya Angelous I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings and MaryRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn Maya Angelou’s novel I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings the main character Maya Angelou struggles with her identity through out the novel. She first started to question her identity after Mr. Freeman raped her. Another time in the novel she questioned her identity was during the barbeque at the bathroom because she did not know which bathroom to use. The last time that she questioned her identity in the novel was when she questioned her sexual identity because sh e did not know if she was heterosexualRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagesconsidered controversial because of its statement about or use of these topics. What makes these and other areas so touchy in the classroom? Why do some parents and concerned community members want controversial materials out of the classroom? In this look at the language of censorship, we must first define censorship, who does the censoring, and why. These will be the first three spotlights for looking at the language of censorship. Then, we will look at how teachers, especially teachersRead MoreBook Report on Maya Angelous The Heart of a Woman1920 Words   |  8 PagesMaya Angelou’s The Heart of a Woman Maya Angelou chose to exercise her own quote, â€Å"There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you,† through her various autobiographies and poems. She did this so that readers may discover her extraordinary past and possibly even learn from it. Formerly known as Marguerite Johnson, Angelou was born on April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri and was raised in Stamps, Arkansas. She is an African American female author, poet, playwright, and actressRead MoreI Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - Maya Angelou6502 Words   |  27 PagesAnalysis: Chapters 1–5 The lines from the poem Maya cannot finish, â€Å"What are you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay . . .† capture two of the most significant issues she struggles with in her childhood and young adulthood: feeling ugly and awkward and never feeling attached to one place. First, Maya imagines that though people judge her unfairly by her awkward looks, they will be surprised one day when her true self emerges. At the time, she hopes that she will emerge as if in a fairy-taleRead More Oprah Winfrey Essay3822 Words   |  16 PagesAnyone who has ever watched The Oprah Winfrey Show knows that it stands in a rank all of its own. There is something very different about this black talk show host- she is real. Oprahs key personality factor is her vulnerability. She is not afraid to expose her own doubts, emotions, problems, failures, and even fears to her millions of viewers. The reason I communicate with all these people, she told 60 Minutes Mike Wallace, is because I thi nk Im every woman and Ive had every malady and

James Joyces Eveline and Araby Essay - 1622 Words

James Joyces Eveline and Araby James Joyce uses similar themes and language devices in both Araby and Eveline. Although this is so, there are also important differences to be noted. Joyce wrote these stories over one hundred years ago but yet we can still relate to the issues covered in the modern world today. James Joyce could have written these short stories as an inspiration from his own background or based them on the events happening in Dublin at that time. These stories were written as a new century was beginning. The people of Dublin soon realized the sense of hope for the new century had faded due to the fall and death of Parnell. This relates to both of the stories as a sense of†¦show more content†¦Family is also a significant theme as the boy relies on his aunt and uncle on almost anything he wants. Firstly, he asks their permission to go to the bazaar. Then he depends on his uncle to give him money to go to the bazaar. A quote to back this up would be, When he was midway through his dinner I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. By depending on his uncle, this meant the boy had to wait for hours before he could attend the bazaar. This may suggest that the boy is dependant on his family regardless of his situation. There are several references to religion in this story. This is another theme of the story. The first sign of religion is on the second line where he mentions the Christian Brothers School, I think his neighbourhood could have been very religious because along with the Christian School, there is a quote, The former tenant of our house, a priest had died in the drawing room. Other suggestions of a religious theme are when the boy refers to his body being like a harp and her words and gestures being like fingers running upon the wires. Mentioned also are praises and prayers. He regularly prays aboutShow MoreRelatedEssay James Joyces Araby and Eveline1061 Words   |  5 PagesJames Joyces Araby and Eveline In Araby and Eveline Joyce uses religious symbols to show the importance of the Catholic religion in both of the main characters lives. Both of these stories take place in Dublin, Ireland, a place that is very strong in its belief in the Catholic religion. In Araby, the imagery of the infamous Fall is presented to the reader within the second paragraph to indicate its importance. The themes of religious masses can be found in Eveline. The conceptRead MoreEveline1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Eveline,† James Joyce uses the juxtaposition of the ever-changing setting and the unchanging stoic character of Eveline in order to exemplify the character’s reluctance and inability to move forward. James Joyce is known for his juxtaposition of light and dark throughout his short stories, specifically in his story â€Å"Araby.† I would argue that Joyce is using the contrast of opposing forces described above between the setting and the character in a similar way as he was light and dark. â€Å"Araby†Read MoreAraby and James Joyce1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story â€Å"Araby† is clearly identifiable as the work of James Joyce. His vocalized ambition of acquainting fellow Irish natives with the true temperament of his homeland is apparent throughout the story. Joyce’s painstakingly precise writing style can be observed throughout â€Å"Araby† as well. Roman Catholicism, which played a heavy role in Joyce’s life, also does so in the story which is another aspect which makes Joyce’s authorship of the story unmistakable. As a result of Irish heritage displayedRead MoreA Similar Life Within A Story: Eveline by James Joyce1443 Words   |  6 Pagesindescribable. Many people live out their lives based off how that one person would want them to live. James Joyces short story, Eveline, is an example of how promises are hard to break. As James Joyce writes his stories, his characters and themes share similarities within his own life, giving them more value and much more meaning behind the importance of the story. To begin with, Eveline is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her fatherRead MoreA Look At The Themes Of Home1742 Words   |  7 PagesJuan Linares Mr. Maust English IV AP 11 April 2016 The Wayfarers, A Look at the Themes of Home In James Joyce’s Dubliners In Dubliners, James Joyce explores the objective view of the paralysis that is a city. He believed strongly that Irish society had been paralyzed by two forces, both which he encountered throughout his life. One being England, and all of its social bewilderment, and the other being the Roman Catholic Church. As a result of this torpor the Irish experienced a downfall, economicallyRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Dubliners1145 Words   |  5 PagesJames Joyces Dubliners Throughout James Joyce’s â€Å"Dubliners† there are four major themes that are all very connected these are regret, realization, self hatred and Moral paralysis, witch is represented with the actual physical paralysis of Father Flynn in â€Å"The Sisters†. In this paper I intend to explore the different paths and contours of these themes in the four stories where I think they are most prevalent ,and which I most enjoyed â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline†, â€Å"The Boarding House†, and â€Å"A LittleRead MoreIn James Joyce’s the Dubliners, How Do the Characters’ Routines Impede Their Opportunities for Adventure and Excitement?1434 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Araby†, â€Å"Eveline†, and â€Å"The Dead†, three short stories featured in James Joyce’s The Dubliners, the characters struggle with whether to live their lives with a structured routine or to seek opportunities, change, and adventure. These shor t stories center around everyday life for citizens of Dublin, Ireland in the early 20th century, when a choice between continuing the inherited tradition of routine and structure versus seeking any other form of life or adventure could be the most important decisionRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism In The Dubliners By James Joyce2072 Words   |  9 PagesIreland in his stories is James Joyce. Joyce wrote a collection of short stories, The Dubliners. These short stories take place in Dublin, Ireland. One common theme in all of these stories is the suffering the characters go through. Another theme in all of the stories is alcoholism. Most of his stories feature a character who is an alcoholic. The alcoholic tends to create problems for the people around him. By using alcoholics to further the plots of his stories, James Joyce pins the blame for IrishRead MoreCommon Themes In A Little Cloud, By James Joyce1250 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Little Cloud† and was a common theme within Joyce’s short stories. He used his short stories as a medium to reach the hearts and minds of the people in Dublin, the place he called home. Although it was his home he didnt have the fondest memories of it which are clearly present in his writing. James Joyce was, in my opinion, a revolutionary who used his short stories as a means of changing the way of thinking for the homeland he resented. Joyce’s characters embark on a cyclical journey thatRead MoreEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central male

Discrimination Racism Free Essays

Many conferences have been organized especially by the United Nations to discuss the issue of discrimination in different perspectives. Discrimination has been a setback in many nations especially in the West, like America where there is an influx of people from different parts of the world. In this paper, discrimination will be elaborated. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination: Racism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The focus will be on racism as a type of discrimination. Scientist hold the opinion that races came into being as a result of family groups living together over a period of time. The different races of human beings can therefore live together. The impact of racism will be assessed and possible solutions recommended. Introduction Discrimination is described as that act of people treating others based on their differences regardless of their individual merits. This is practised in religion, race, disability, gender, ethnicity, age, height and employment amongst others. This judgement could be positive or negative. Positive discrimination is the discrimination based on merit (also called differentiating) while the negative discrimination is based on factors like race and religion. Negative discrimination is however the common form of discrimination in spite of the fact that this is illegal in many Western societies just like many other societies. Despite being illegal, discrimination is still rampant in different forms in many parts of the world. The most common form of discrimination is racial discrimination, also referred to as racism. This is destructive. It is the act of basing treatment on the racial origin of an individual (Randal, 2008). Racism is influenced by social, political, historical and economic factors. It has so many definitions due to its various forms. It involves social values, institutional practices and individual attitudes. It changes with response to social change. The basis of racism is the belief that some individuals are superior due to their ethnicity, race or nationality. It is a social phenomenon and not scientific. Some of the racist behaviors include xenophobia, racial vilification, ridicule and physical assault. Racism could be practised intentionally (direct discrimination) or unintentionally making some groups to be disadvantaged (indirect racial discrimination). Racism is enhanced either individually or institutionally. Institutionally, it involves systems in life such as education, employment, housing and media aimed at perpetuating and maintaining power and the well being of a group at the expense of another. It is a more subtle form of discrimination since it involves respected forces in the society. Individual racism involves treating people differently on the basis of their race. It is the deliberate denial of power to a person or a group of persons. The above two forms of racism refer to race as the determining factor in human capacities and traits. There is no clear cut distinction between racial and ethnic discrimination and this is still a debate among anthropologists. Institutional racism is also referred to as structural, systemic or state discrimination. It is socially or politically structured. As indicated early, the perpetrators are corporations, governments, organizations and educational institutions which are influential in the lives of individuals. It is the systematic policies and the organizational practices that disadvantage certain races or ethnic groups. From the statistics given in 2005 on the US, it is evident that the Whites are highly regarded while the African Americans are looked down upon by the society. Their household incomes differ greatly ($50,984, $33,627, $35,967 and $30,858 for Whites, Native Americans, Latinos and African Americans respectively). Their poverty rates follow suit with that of the African Americans being thrice that of the Whites. Unlike the Whites, the other groups attend underfunded schools. Their living environments are below standards compounded by poorly paying jobs and high unemployment rates. The employment in the labor market is disproportional in favor of the Whites. Le Duff (2000) describes a situation in a slaughterhouse where a White boss just sits in his glass office only to come out when the day is almost over to double the workload for the workers. The Black workers are overworked if only to meet the company’s target of pork production. It is important to note that this Smithfield Packing Company is the largest plant in the world in pork production. The workers, who are Blacks however do not feel any positive impact of the company as they are overworked and mistreated by their white boss. It is common for the boss to unleash his anger on the workers and they seem to have very little power to take any action against this. The immigrants are another category of those who are socially discriminated. They are the lowest in the society’s stratification and are the ones to do the low forms of jobs considered ‘dirty work’. This is social racism. The wages they get from these jobs are very low and minimal or no benefits at all. Since the 1996 welfare reform was passed by the Congress, all the legal immigrants have had to do without federal programs like Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income. Sonneman (1992) describes a community of immigrants who have to deal with racial discrimination from the natives. These immigrants have poor jobs as pickers. They do not have adequate food and have to work extra hard in their jobs to earn a living. The natives overcharge them for basic commodities. An example is that of the picker who was charged five dollars instead of three dollars for the groceries he bought at the store. A gallon of milk is also charged at 30 cents higher than in town. They are however so powerless that they can do nothing about it. These pickers flock in this remote area and not in the town which is only a mile and a half away because of the high cost of living in the town. Berube A. and Berube F. (1997), give an example of their family who lived in trailer coaches as dictated by their economical capability. In South Africa, racism was rampant just like in many other African countries under colonial rule. From 1948 to 1994, the apartheid system denied the non-whites their basic rights. The whites who were the minority were allowed to keep certain areas for themselves without permission thus locking out the blacks. Schools taught the subjects meant for Africans in Afrikaans. Other than the protests by many countries and the United Nations, the South Africans protested against these systems leading to many deaths as the police fought them back. However, in 1994, this was brought to an end with Nelson Mandela becoming the president, allowing equal rights for both the blacks and the whites. The racial stereotypes who propagate racism by the belief that other races are better than others are said to propagate individual racism (Hanshem, 2007). Stigma is closely related to discrimination. In the interview by Rodgers, it is revealed that those women who came from well-off families found it more difficult going to welfare unlike their counterparts from poorer backgrounds who had children to look after with no child support. According to sociology, stigma is the act of a society discrediting an individual. It is the disapproval of an individual’s character or what they believe in that goes against cultural norms. Examples include illegitimacy, mental or physical disabilities, nationality affiliations, illnesses, religious affiliations and ethnicity. Stigma could be based on external deformations such as scars and other physical manifestations like leprosy and obesity. The other form is based on traits such as drug addiction. Lastly is tribal stigma that involve ethnicity, nationality or religion. There are some factors that indicate racism. Among them are refusing to work with a specific group of people. Others would spread racist propaganda or racist comments. People who physically assault or harass others are considered racists. Discriminatory policies or procedures are an indicator of racism. The effects of racism cannot be ignored. Healthcare among the racially discriminated is poor or non-existent. For instance, the 1999 Centre on Budget Priorities study showed that 46% of the non-citizen immigrant children could not access health insurance unlike the natives’ children. Racism lowers an individual’s self esteem. When someone disregards another because of the skin color or religion, their self-esteem is lowered. It could be ignored if it happens at once, but if it persists, it negatively influences the confidence of an individual. Children skip schools because of such effects. Learning thus becomes difficult. In an attempt to suppress the factors that make them discriminated against, they try to change their religion, skin colour, hair color and even stop trusting people. Others resort to learning foreign languages and their respective accents to cover up their ethnicities so as to identify with the race that is considered superior. In some cases, surgery has been undertaken to conform to the societal demands. One problem that has been cited is lack of education on racism. An educated individual is aware that there is need for different people if learning is to take place. Then, if one is to experience the positive impact of education, appreciating other people around will be of importance. Otherwise, discriminating people could lead to lack of expertise knowledge in some specific areas. It is thus important to sensitize the community on the importance of each and every person. Education will go a long way to even help those who are being educated to appreciate who they are. On the same note, schools and other learning institutions should provide an all-inclusive environment which would accommodate people of different ethnic affiliations (Einfeld, 1997). Then, they should meet their specific needs based on their linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Religious solutions could be sought where necessary. In Islam for instance, Qua’ran teaches against racism. If these people with religious affiliations are allowed to practise their religion freely, then this could curb racism. Thus, all religions should be respected and given the chance to conduct their practices. The responsible authorities are endowed with the duty of coming up with laws that prohibits racism. There have been conventions and conferences where these laws are discussed and drafted. The United Nations has been on the forefront in implementing these rules. It is not adequate enough to only discuss these issues. They should come up with solutions that could be implemented. Conclusion No one can dare deny the effect that racism has had in various states. it is only wise to face the problem head on and find the right solutions. a solution must be found to curb this problem once and for all. it calls for the efforts by every member of the society to assume their respective roles and do what is expected of them. How to cite Discrimination: Racism, Papers

Pretty Women Essay Example For Students

Pretty Women Essay Pretty Women, directed by Garry Marshall, is a light, bubbly, romantic comedy. On a scale from 1-5 (five being the best), I rate this movie a five. The story plot of this film appeals to the emotion of the audience. Between the romance, greed, lust, and power of this film, the audience can relate with these typical issues. Also, I thought the acting was phenomenal by both Gere and Roberts. There was intense passion between them throughout the film, very convincing. Pretty Women, portrays the bad end of the stick life dishes out normally, and the knight in shining armor that possibly may come rescue you. Pretty Women, reminds me of the famous fairy tale of Cinderella, the theme of both films relate. Both share the story line of a confident women working hard on every challenge life threw at her. Finally her day comes when a handsom man will rescue her form her pit of despair, and take her in his arms. Finally her day comes when a handsom man will rescue her form her pit of despair, and take her in his arms. Cinderellas life hadnt gone exactly as she planned, she found herself in rags her whole life. ?Pretty Women?, is a nineties version with a little less fiction and a little more harsh reality. Julia Roberts plays a carefree prostitute named Vivian Ward. Her co-star Richard Gere is a successful corporate terminator named Edward Lewis. Their lives are worlds apart until they meet on the corner one night. In a matter of days Vivian goes from rags to riches, her new sweetie Edward opens her eyes to the finer things in life. Vivians energetic spirit challenges Edwards no non- sense, business minded approach to life. Vivian had a blast ?working? for Edward, so much she accidentally fell in love with him. When it came time for Vivian to leave, Edward offered her an apartment, clothes, happiness, all paid for if she stayed. Vivian refused and was disappointed in Edwards poor decision to buy her the way he had everyone else. Eventually, Edward understands what Vivian wanted, and goes to rescue his love, not with his money, but with his heart. Vivian teaches him that love is the best investment he ever made. The camera crew and director use personal shots to convey intimacy between the two characters. Vivian and Edward have a few love scenes, and in order to convince the audience of the passion and heat between them, personal shots are used. When the two lovers kiss on the mouth for the first time, a personal shot is used, the audience is more susceptible in feeling the passion of their first kiss. The personal shot angle is used to convey a more comfortable vibe for the audience. In ?Cinderella?, in the closing scene, Cinderella and her prince are wed. They hop into a carriage and proceed to ride away into the sunset. The two characters lean in for a kiss and the camera focuses in on a personal shot. This final shot includes both of their faces puzzled together in a kiss. Although, the age of the audience may vary, this personal shot is successful in convincing the audience. In the opening scene of ?Pretty WomenBibliographyMarshall, Gary. Pretty women (1994)Social Issues Essays

The color therapy

Introduction Currently, the color therapy is recognized as an effective natural healing technique widely used in medicine and counseling.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The color therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report will track the historical development of the chromotherapy theories and evaluate the results of the experiment and the impact of different colors upon the energy distribution in natural field under different environmental conditions which can be further used in the counseling practice. Literature review Color therapy also referred to as chromotherapy is based on the assumption that color and light can be used for balancing the energy within the human bodies and preventing or healing the mental and physical disorders and has been known since ancient times. There is evidence that ancient Egyptians and Greeks built color healing rooms into their temples (Wills 2007). The first records o n using color as therapy can be found in works by Aulus Celsus dated back to the 1st century in Rome (Garala et al. 2009). The relationships between the colors, diseases and their treatments were investigated by the Arab physician Avicenna in the 9th century. A system of colored lights known as spectro-chrome lamps was created in 1920 by an American scientist of the Indian origin Dinshah Chadiali (Garala et al. 2009). A color test introduced by a Swiss psychologist Max Luscher in 1947 is still used by consultants for defining the psychological state of their patients. A Russian researcher Krakow made a significant contribution to the studies on the color therapy by investigating the effects of different colors upon the nervous system. Though this approach can be criticized for the lack of rigorous studies, many practitioners utilize Krakov’s findings and take advantages of the color therapy for reducing the stress-related pain (Garala et al. 2009).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The color therapy theories create the links between the seven colors of the spectrum and the main chakras in the human body which in their turn are associated with certain organs and systems. The main task of the practitioner is defining the missing color for diagnosing the corresponding weakness of a particular organ and applying the color therapy for making up the existing deficits (McGuiness 2007, p. 14). Moreover, there is a growing recognition that due to the power of electromagnetic signals such as color, chromotherapy can be even more effective than the traditional methods of treatment (Lipton, 2005; Vasquez, 2006). Though the patient’s cultural background and current emotional and physical state are the factors deserving serious consideration while developing a concrete treatment plan, the color therapy can be used for changing the patients’ condition (Gal ano 2009). Saito Tada (2007) noted that the colors associated with natural scenes and landscapes can be effective stimulators for Japanese people because of the value given to nature in Japanese culture. With the roots which can be found in the culture of ancient civilizations, color therapy which has been rediscovered in the mid-nineteenth century is widely used in modern psychology and consulting for the purposes of diagnosing and treating the patients. Conceptual framework The ancient Chinese Five Phase Theory can be regarded as a conceptual framework for explaining the processes attributed to the color therapy and enhancing their effectiveness.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The color therapy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Five Phase Theory assuming that the properties of the five phases, including wood, fire, earth, metal and water allow explaining all the phenomena of the surrounding world which a re mutually interdependent and restraining (Flaws 2007, p. 15). This theory introduces a complex mechanism driving transformations in nature and human organism. Each of the phases corresponds to certain chakras and organs and psychological conditions. According to this doctrine, there are two main cycles of interaction, namely generating and overcoming. Similar to the Five Phase Theory, modern chromotherapy correlates chakras with certain organs, conditions and colors of the individual’s aura (McGuiness 2007). Thus, red corresponding with the first chakra can encourage both positive qualities such as courage and perseverance and negative qualities such as stubbornness, cruelty and anger, which in their turn can be related to the cycles of generating and overcoming respectively. Yellow corresponding with the third chakra can have impact upon the feelings of detachment and person’s concentration, agitation and anxiety. Green corresponding with the forth chakra allows har monizing, relaxation and concentration, whereas too much of green color can make an individual suffer from lethargy and jealousy. Blue corresponding with the fifth chakra can encourage either the state of peace or doubt and melancholy. From the above discussed examples, it can be seen that the two possible cycles of the Five Phase Theory should be considered for the effective use of chromotherapy in counseling.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology The primary objective of the experiment was exploring the impact of different colors upon the processes of energy distribution in natural fields under the same environmental conditions, including the parameters of humidity and amount of light. The 7 pieces of white bread were put into the transparent containers with multicolored lids fully covering them. A container with a transparent lid was added for controlling the achieved results. The picture of the changes in the bread color and surface were taken every 7days. The experiment was conducted in four apartments with conditions varying in relative humidity and intensity of sunlight for evaluating the impact of environment upon the outcomes. Analysis and discussion Through the analysis of the achieved results, it has been discovered that the color of the lid had a significant impact upon the natural processes within the pieces of bread reflected in the color changes and the growth of mould. The findings of the experiment can be related to the cycles of generating and overcoming as outlined by the Five Phase Theory. Estimating the transformation of the pieces of bread placed in the same apartment, it can be stated that the red color accelerated the growth of mould, whereas green lid had restrained the mould growth and even prevented its formation in the apartment with the intense sunlight and lower humidity facing the West. At the final day of the experiment, three weeks after its beginning, the piece of bread in the container with the red lid in the apartment with the lower humidity and the intense sunlight, changed its color completely and became golden yellow and black which indicate the beginning of the mould formation. At the same time, the piece of bread in the container under the yellow lid was whole brown, under the blue and white lids the pieces became whole black, the whole yellow piece of bread was found under the black lid, and there was no any changes of the color and signs of mould in the container under the green lid. It is significant that a piece of bread in the container under the transparent lid was largely yellow with black mould on it. The findings retrieved from the control container clearly demonstrate that the color lids have a significant impact upon the energy distribution within the natural fields. Similar principles of the mould growth were observed in the rest of the apartments with different levels of humidity and intensity of sunlight, whereas the results of the mould growth ranging from the most significant in the container under the transparent lid, followed by the results achieved from the container with the red, black, white, blue and yellow colors. The achieved results are compliant with the main principles implemented by modern chromotherapy assuming that red is the color of agitation and acceleration of growth, whereas green is recognized as a color restraining the growth. Though the mould grew completely around the yellow and blue boxes i n the apartments with the higher humidity and where the electric light was used, the colors of the grown mould were relatively monotonous. It can be explained with the fact that blue and yellow are regarded as the colors of calming and relaxing which are widely used in modern chromotherapy for psychological counseling. Conclusion Though the intensity of sunlight and the level of humidity had a significant impact upon the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the research findings have revealed that different colors affect the processes of energy distribution in different ways which are however compliant with the basic principles of modern chromotherapy. Self-reflection with critical points Though the design of the experiment was intended to take into account the variety of factors, including the environmental conditions, it has certain limitations. Thus, certain unpredictable variables, namely the weather could influence the achieved results but were neglected in the e xperiment. Other drawbacks of the study design which can be considered as its limitations were the lack of the planning and registering details and disregard of additional sources of the energy input, including the TV and mobile phones, interference of the family members and others. The findings of this experiment which are compliant with the main principles of the modern theories on color healing are valuable for the current chromotherapy practices. The results of the experiment clearly demonstrate that various colors can have a significant impact upon the energy distribution and other processes taking place in the physical environment, and consequently, can be applied as effective healing techniques by modern counselors. Another valuable conclusion which can be drawn from the conducted experiment is that the choice of the most appropriate color healing techniques requires consideration of a variety of the related factors, including the patients’ cultural background, environ ment and personal preferences. Thus, Luscher’s color test can be used by counselors for detecting the existing deficits and diagnosing the patient’s current condition. The following steps presuppose selecting the methods for solving the existing problems and their implementation through color healing. However, it should be noted that the excessive amounts of certain colors can have the adverse effects which can be explained by the integrity of the generating and overcoming cycles of the Five Phase Theory. Thus, red can not only agitate and activate the mental processes if it is necessary, but also result in cruelty and anger, whereas green which is expected to have calming and harmonizing effects can also result in lethargy and jealousy. The above discussed aspects should be considered for selecting the most appropriate techniques of color healing for every individual customer and applying them to the counseling practice. Reference List Flaws, B. (2007). Statements of fact in traditional Chinese medicine. Boulder, CO: Blue Poppy Press. Galano, A. (Spring 2009). Smart lighting: LED implementation and ambient communication applications. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of California, Berkerley. Web. Garala, K., Basu, B., Mehta, K., Joshi, B. (2009). Alternative to drug delivery system: Chromotherapy. Drug Invention Today, 1(2): 130 – 134. Lipton, B. (2005). The Biology of belief. Santa Rosa, CA: Mountain of Love/Elite Books. McGuiness, L. (November 2007). The Healing Power of Colour. Positive Health: 14 – 17. Saito, Y. Tada, H. (2007). Effects of color images on stress reduction: Using images as mood stimulants. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 4: 13 – 20. Vasquez, S. (2006). Color: Its therapeutic power for rapid healing. Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine, 17(2): 1 – 21. Wills, P. (April 2007). Healing with Colour Therapy. Positive Health: 9 – 12. This report on The color therapy was written and submitted by user Tanner H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust - Proofed

4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust - Proofed 4 Tips for Finding Online Sources You Can Trust Online sources can be vital when researching a college paper. But the internet is also a massive repository of lies and nonsense. And that means that you need to be careful when citing a website in your written work. So, then, how can you find online sources you can truly trust? 1. Check the Credentials Look at who wrote and published the page you’ve found. Ideally, it will have a named author who you can google to find their qualifications and past publications. If you cannot find any information, look elsewhere. Likewise, online sources published by well-known organizations are usually more trustworthy. For example, an article about urban myths posted on the Scientific American website will be more trustworthy than a post by Mad Bob the Bigfoot Hunter taken from www.crypto-news.bz. With evidence like this, why wouldnt you believe Mad Bob?(Photo: RyanMcGuire) 2. Writing Quality A reliable source should be well written and error free, so look out for spelling or grammar mistakes on websites you want to cite. If nothing else, a lack of proofreading may suggest the author has been similarly careless when it comes to fact checking! Similarly, the tone of a website can tell you a lot. It is typically a good sign if the language is formal and academic. If it is informal or full of slang terms, however, you might want to look elsewhere. 3. Crosscheck Sources If you find new information online but aren’t sure you trust the website, check whether it cites any sources. This could be a reference list, but it could also be links to other sites that provide extra information or data to back up the point being made. It is also a good idea to crosscheck sources against one another. If you find a useful statistic on one website, for instance, look to see if it is used on other reliable sites. This is especially important when a page was published years previously, since the information may not be up to date. 4. Don’t Cite Wikipedia We have nothing personal against Wikipedia. In fact, it is a fantastic free source of information on a huge array of topics for day-to-day life. The problem is that is isn’t always entirely factual. Even Wikipedia admits that Wikipedia is not a reliable source. Anyone can edit a Wikipedia page, after all. And that is a bit like anyone being able to come along and rewrite the books in your college library, which we imagine would cause problems. But while it is not an academic source, Wikipedia can be helpful. If you find some interesting facts in an article, check the citations at the bottom of the page. These should point to more reliable sources, such as books or journal articles. You can then find these and use the original sources instead.

Introduction to comparative politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to comparative politics - Essay Example The electoral process is the system used to nominate candidates, creating ballots, and polling the public. The electoral process is the mechanics and body of laws that govern the election. The electoral system is not the same as the electoral process. The electoral system is the "†¦means by which votes are translated into seats in the process of electing politicians into office" (Farrell 4). The United States has a two-party system, which is non-proportional and tends to provide continuity and stability at the cost of minority representation. This has tended to minimize any impact that minority opinions have on legislation. Ecuador has a multi-party system that has worked towards a proportional system where all viewpoints and parties are represented based on their ability to get votes. However, this is an oversimplification as Ecuador has made some major changes in their system in recent years and is actually a mixed system. The proportional system of Ecuador has insured minorit y representation, but has also complicated the legislative process. In both Ecuador and the United States, the highest elected position in the land is the presidency, but are elected by systems that are considerably different. In the United States, the president is elected by an electoral system where each state is given a number of votes based on their population. In each state it is a winner take all system and the candidate with the most votes gets the electoral votes of that state. This has had the effect of creating two parties, of relatively equal strength, that serve as a representative for ideas and change. It has virtually eliminated any opportunity of a third party or minority party candidates due to the expense and almost certain defeat. It has also created an electoral system where voting blocs and coalitions are of critical importance. In addition, the winner

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix - Essay Example Introduction Despite the visibility of the uterine cervix by way clinical examination, cervical cancer is ranked second among malignants of neoplasm affecting the female population globaly after the breast cancer, which represents 12% as compared to all kinds of cancer. In the developing countries of Africa, Latin America, Central and South-East Asia, cancer of the uterine cervix leads other tumor malignants. Squamous dysplasia which is also abbreviated as CIN is a spectrum of intraepithelial changes of indistinct precincts that starts with placid atypia and develops through stages of distinctly marked intraepithelial deformities to carcinoma in situ. The range of classes and forms points on a disease variety but not separate malady entities. They are predecessor lesions to persistent squamous cell carcinoma. Dysplasia is a potentially unalterable change typified by an augment in mitotic rate, an atypical cytological feature which is by shape, size, nuclear appearance and abnormal or ganization that might be by cellularity,2 isolation and or polarity that fall short of premalignant change. In most instances, dysplasia might develop to cancer and or dysplastic changes might be established closest to foci of tumor. 3. Clinical features The characteristics of CIN lacerations are white patches that appear on the cervix preceding an application of acetic acid around the cervix. Distinctive vascular patterns can be noted on colposcopic assessment of the cervix in soaring grade CIN. Lacerations appear on the frontal lip twice as usually as the subsequent lip. These can be found in the transformation areas and zones around squamous metaplasia at the endocervix. This might stop instantly at the intersection with the native portion squamous epithelium, however this can continue along on the whole endocervical passage. It is common that the part of CIN on the portio area is low grade CIN 1 while the portion that broadens into the endocervical passage is high grade CIN 2 an d 3. Clinical indicators show that carcinoma symptoms depend on the magnitude and phase of the tumor. Those patients who have lumps confined to the cervix are usually asymptomatic and are easily detected due to uncharacteristic Pap smear result. On the other hand, patients with clinically notable tumors present various degrees of unusual bleeding. At an early stage lesions might be indurate or ulcerated while more highly developed tumors form exophytic fungating sufficient and or endophytic ulcerated or even infiltrative lots capable to produce an enlarged cervix that is hard or barrel-shaped. Picture showing an ulcerated fungating carcinoma on the cervix Uncharacteristic cellular propagation, maturation and atypia portray CIN. Nuclear deformity is the characteristic of 3CIN and includes pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, abnormal chromatin distribution, and irregular borders. These nuclear deformities continue all the way through the epithelium despite maturation of cytoplasmic towards the exterior. As such, mitotic rate is amplified and abnormal mitotic features might be noted. 4. Pathology Grossly, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is normally characterized by focal or discharge polypoid gel of the endometrium by tender, friable, grey-white fiber. Massive tumours might form confluent tissue growths to occupy the endometrial cavity. Attacks of the underlying myometrium and or invasion of the cervix might be noted.

The importance of GDP indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the Essay

The importance of GDP indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the economic policies - Essay Example This essay provides critical analysis of the usage of GDP indicator in the role of reliable criterion of estimation of economic policies of a government. It is argued, that the improvement of GDP per capita is useful for measuring the performance of the society. GDP is considered as an important indicator for determining the progress of the economy. The governments of the world regarded it as one of the statistical tool which can determine whether the economy is progressing or deteriorating. It is an economic index of the entire economic output of the country. It establishes relationship among many other things which includes the shipments of the manufacturers, construction spending, farmers’ harvest and retail sales. It is a figure that converts the national economy into a single data by surpassing the density. The conventional approach of GDP explains that more it grows, the better the country or the citizens of the country are performing. But it is creating a problem in its implementation in the recent years since the economist observed that it provides misleading and inaccurate gauge of prosperity. Increasing GDP is considered as an important objective of the economic policy of the nation but it cannot be considered as the ultimate objective because it has to consider various other indicators for determining the growth and development of the economy. There are various advantages or benefits provided by using GDP as an indicator in determining the health or performance of the nation.

Introduction To Modern Technology Media Essay

Introduction To Modern Technology Media Essay Modern technology has made the requirement for information flow to be quick and effective. We have been able to achieve this through the internet; the medium i.e the internet has facilitated each of us, by making the communication cheap and fast. News for U.K is available in the Australia as soon as its on the media, accessible by millions at one time. The growth of the internet is a necessity nowadays. Now internet, where people choose to spend a major part of their day has brought social communities where people can chat, message, share beliefs, extract information, share information about things they are interested in. The internet being the centre of usage for millions of users every day, thus it also appears to be a medium for brands and products to advertise, but this advertisement is different from the advertisement we see otherwise. This advertisement takes into account that the information flow is fast and inspired by people more than the advertising agencies. So let us see how social networking became the part of our lives. The last ten years of the century brought the innovative technology Internet. As predicted by Newman (1991) Internet: Altered the meaning of geographic distance. Allowed the huge increase in the volume of communication. Provided the possibility of increasing the speed of communication. Provided opportunities for interactive communication. Allowed forms of communication that was previously separate to overlap and interconnect. Whereas Grieco and Holmes (1999) (citied in Combe et al, 2003) identifies three powerful features of Internet: Disintermediation or the removal of brokers by allowing direct communication across spatial and sociometric distance; Asynchronicyty of the removal of temporality as a barrier to communications; Oculacy or the ability to communicate messages through images. According to Hermeking (2006) the spread of modern technology, including information and communication technology (ICT), is commonly regarded both as an indicator of the postmodern era of globalization and as the very precondition for that era of intensive worldwide interactions of people and exchanges of goods, services, information, and capital. On the contrary Hoffman (Hoffman et al., 1995) believes that the popularity of the WWW as a commercial medium (in contrast to other networks on the Internet) is due to its ability to facilitate global sharing of information and resources, and its potential to provide an efficient channel for advertising, marketing, and even direct distribution of certain goods and information services. world internet users Sixty five per cent of all UK households had a broadband connection in 2008. Adults under 70 years of age who had a degree or equivalent qualification were most likely to have access to the Internet in their home, at 93 per cent (Office for National Statistics,2009). According to Linda Peters (1998) the Web presents a fundamentally different environment- both as a medium and as a market from traditional communication channels perspective. It creates the Marketspace a virtual realm where products and services exist as digital information and can be delivered through information-based channels (Rayport and Svikola, 1994). Social Networking is a phenomena that has seen a rapid growth over the last few years. If you are not involved in one (or more) of these sites you are probably wondering, so what is this Social Networking thing all about?. Let us go through a general overview of a description of a Social Network A website where people are able to develop networks of friends and associates (whether only ever on line, in real life, or both) and create, share or give information on similar interests, tastes, lifestyles and other information. Also keep in mind that social networking websites are like communities. The Social Networking sites have gained popularity and are on the increase for one simple reason, the ability to share, with others, information about yourself, your interests, your hobbies, your thoughts and your feelings or anything you choose. These can quickly be seen by others in your network and by you through messages, comments, instant messaging applications, photos, games, and group interaction. Facebook one of the most popular social networking sites started as a site for previous College Associates to remain in contact with one another during and after they had finished College. Youtube is another social networking site not just a repository for uploading various types of videos. Some people have found new friendship and romance. People get to know events like fires, storms, and even floods in other countries that have occurred locally in that vicinity, usually even hours before these events are made public by the media. People become involved in many discussions which have given them an opportunity to get to know differing cultures and beliefs One other belief some people have is that it is only Generation Y that use these sites. You will be surprised that many people from many different walks of life in many countries in many age groups use these sites. Some sites are broad category sites like Myspace and Facebook (now). Some are specific to a narrow category, like Small business, the Arts, connecting Families, Blogging, Making Money on the Internet and Dating Services (using a broad and polite term there). Some are popular by type of category they use, where others are popular by region (like UK and Europe, Africa, etc). Social media According to Liu Shrum (2002) new media (Internet), brought new models of interactivity: user-to-user and user-to-message. The interactivity develops a new meaning when it is applied through Web 2.0 platforms and Social media channels as dialogue between consumer and company becomes much more active and interactive. Contemplating about user-to-user interactivity Ha and James (1998) suggested that the more communication in a computer-mediated environment resembles interpersonal communication, the more interactive the communication isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Defined by Steuer (1992) users-to-message interaction as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. The above figure outlines the E marketing strategy suggested Constantinides (2008) Nielsen Company analyzed and found that the global average time spent for a person on social networking sites is over five each month (February 2010 data), Facebook being the major part of the usage. Social networking is a great option to advertise your business. Social networking does not require large amounts to be invested in, rather its free most of the time, moreover its very simple, easy and quick. There are dozens of websites on the internet where you can sign up within a few minutes and network with millions of people quickly and easily. Social media encourages feedback from everyone who is interested. Social media provokes the user controlled media, empowering the users to drive the communities they are in. Make their comments on products and brands, as they come to them. They can exploit these communities to promote a product and also ruin the reputation of one. Weston (2008) says that, social networking, if approached in the right manner, can build brand awareness, find new customers, help find talent, and help creating a database for market research and analysis. Some businesses find it unnecessary to market themselves on social networking sites, although it is a good way to advertise products/services with knowing what consumers think and want. Social network marketing can be very fruitful for businesses. Social networking media has been thought to be an advertisement source though should be used cleverly to reap of the benefits from it. Thus it is important that the brands committed to using it should use it in the correct way. Zirinsky, 2009 believes online social advertising is all about two way conversations with consumers, not one way broadcastmaking this mistake is far too common and simply makes brands appear out of touch with their audience and reality, and is detrimental to their overall image. Social media keeps an edge over other forms of online communication for its use of enabling content sharing on a network. Content sharing and interaction is defines social media making it different from other means of communication. This means that if brands are going to the get value from social media, they should use it for what it is good in; allowing and helping the sharing of interesting material to create relevant positive hype for the brand or product. Powell, 2009 on the other hand states that Brands need to add value into an online community through enabling the sharing of content, if it cannot do this it has little value, and will be perceived as having little value. For information sharing social media has accelerated the entire process. James in 2009 has said Across networks, a good or bad experience will be shared, potentially on a huge scale. Between 700,000 and 1.3 million blog posts are made daily and, according to Google, a new blog post is being created every second of every day. Most social media services are open to feedback and participation. They encourage voting, comments and the sharing of information. There are rarely any barriers to accessing and making use of content password-protected content is frowned on. Thus a free portal for information sharing, which is effective and fast engages millions of users, now for brands they should be aware how to engage masses they are interested in, because as discussed earlier social networking is probably the fastest way of communication and words positive or negative spread very quickly. Powell, 09 debates Normal social etiquette has crossed over into social media. Social media are communities and there are standards and protocols as to what kind of behavior is acceptable and unacceptable. This statement suggests that the brands should communicate and behave in the social media as to not offend the users of social networking. It is important that whatever information the brands or products are interested in sharing has been uploaded after careful screening and thought process. The strategy for online advertising has to be defined precisely. Thorbjornsen et al. in 2002 affirms that empowering consumers is crucial to online relationships. Rowley in 2007 argues that the concept of customer community leadership has been proposed with the customer being viewed as a partner. Virtual space was a key aspect in amplifying community member experience. Kozinets solicited that retribalized virtual communities of consumption require a newer framework for traditional relationship marketing theory. It is therefore vital at this point to provide a brief overview of tribalism. Cova, 1997 proposes that the potential of tribalism and the linking value has been developed. A tribe is defined as a network of heterogeneous persons in terms of age, sex, income, etc. who are linked by a shared passion or emotion; a tribe is capable of collective action, its members are not simple consumers, they are also advocates; (Cova and Cova 2002: 602). The Internet has only helped to increase the potential of tribalism. E-tribes allow people to gather together in groups based on a huge range of cultural and subcultural interests and social affiliations (Kozinets, 1999: 253). Muniz and OGuinn, 2001 argue that it is crucial to notice that tribal communities are argued to be less explicitly commercial than brand communities. Social Media Web 2.0 Social media and Web 2.0 are two words which are many times used interchangeably in the marketing literature, even though they are not entirely the same. As per the marketing perspective, the Web 2.0 should be apprehended as the recent tool for the marketing communication mix and facilitator and enabler of social media. The Web 2.0 term was introduced by Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly in 2004, it has originated from talks about social software and the communities surrounding these applications. Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly said the companies that survived the dotcom boom had something in common; these companies realized that the Web is much more useful for delivering service than being used just as a platform for packaged products (i.e. software). Constantinides and Fountain (2008) on the other hand defined Web 2.0 as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Web 2.0 is a collection of open-source, interactive and user-controlled online applications expanding the experiences, knowledge and market power o f the users as participants in business and social processes. Web 2.0 applications support the creation of informal users networks facilitating the flow of ideas and knowledge by allowing the efficient generation, dissemination, sharing and editing / refining of informational content . Hoegg believes that Web 2.0 is the philosophy of mutually maximizing collective intelligence and added value for each participant by formalized and dynamic information sharing and creationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. Both of these definitions are exhibits of similar concepts for amplifying the collated intelligence, a community regulated by itself, effects of the network, openness in showing the information creation and sharing process, but the vital aspect here is the consumer. There are not many changes in the Web 2.0 compared to Web 1.0 applications from the technological aspect; value over here is created by the people as they do not just use this software but also play a major role in the creation of these soft wares. Thus as apprehended in modern IT solutions and models, user input is the most vital aspect, can be viewed on a global level with each social networking website. Web 2.0 applications are still considered to be in the development stage, they are categorized according to the purpose and field of the research. Constantinides and Fountain (2008) classify them into 5 broad types according their nature: Blogs: Short for Web logs: online journals, the most known and fastest-growing category of Web 2.0 applications. Blogs are often combined with Podcasts, that is, digital audio or video that can be streamed or downloaded to portable devices. Examples: www.blogtopsites.com , www.blogger.com and several others. Social networks: applications allowing users to build personal websites accessible to other users for exchange of personal content and communication Examples: www.facebook.com , www.myspace.com and others. (Content) Communities: Websites organising and sharing particular types of content. Examples are applications of Video sharing: http://video.google.com, www.youtube.com, http://etsylove.ning.com, Photos sharing: http://www.flickr.com, Social Bookmarking: www.digg.com , http://del.icio.us and Publicly Edited Encyclopedias (Wikis): www. wikipedia.org , http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page. Forums/bulletin boards: sites for exchanging ideas and information usually around special interests Examples: www.epinions.com, www.personaldemocracy.com, http://www.python.org. Content aggregators: applications allowing users to fully customise the web content they wish to access. These sites make use of a technique known as Real Simple Syndication or Rich Site Summary (RSS). Examples http://uk.my.yahoo.com/, http://www. google.com/ig, http://www.netvibes.com/. Blogs and blogging Web Logs (knows as Blogs), according to Tredinnick (2006), are arguably the oldest Web 2.0 applications and have been in the web space since mid 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s. Constantinides and Fountain (2008) states that it is the most known and fastest-growing category of Web 2.0 applications. Published in Daily Blog Tips, 2008 A Blog is a Web site, usually run by any individual with regular entries of discussions, happening of events, or other content such as graphics or videos where entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order and has permalinks. Antony Mayfield argues (2008), the most important features of the blogs are Linking, Trackbacks, Comments and Subscription (RSS) which allow companies to engage with their stakeholders and facilitates conversations between them. Good blogs are used by people to easily access information and share the viewpoint of things. People from various geographical locations, can log in and write blogs at one place, being able to share knowledge and express them. Blogs help people discover a lot a things that a layman would not be aware of but yet, through a search engine would reach a blogspot where he or she can gain the information they require. The internet guru Seth Godin (2004) remarked that good blogs work when they are based on: candor, urgency, timeliness, pithiness, controversy and utility. Armano (2008) groups these features to 4 Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s of blogging. Furthermore, Huang in 2007 identified the main techniques for how to manage brand communications according to various blogging motivations. Table 2.2. Bloggersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ motivations. Source: Huang (Huang al., 2007) Social networks Social networking is the fastest growing Web 2.0 application, and this is the main reason for the social media to prosper as quickly as it is powered by effective, fast communication, this media is driven by the users demand. A user prefers to believe in their counterpart rather than any organization. McKinsey defines social networking as systems that allow members of a specific site to learn about other members skills, talents, knowledge or preferences. Pew/Internet believes- A social networking site is an online location where a user can create a profile and build a personal network that connects him or her to other users. Wikipedia states that a social network service focuses on the building and verification of online social networks for communities of people who share interests and activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others. It provides various ways for users to interact chat, messaging, email, video, file sharing, blogging and discussion groups The features of social networks present an opportunity to create brand communities and interact with them online. It allows people from all over the world to sign up within a few minutes and access the information available, this has allowed the organizations to be acting in a multinational mode, as they can reach anywhere in the world with the least amount of time taken. Tim Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸Reilly (2005) thinks otherwise and said that Web 2.0 doesnt have a hard boundary, but rather, a gravitational core which could be visualized as a set of principles and practices that tie together a veritable solar system of sites that demonstrate some or all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core (Appendix 2.4). Therefore it is difficult to classify the Web 2.0 into the precise groupings, because the applications are interrelated and most of the time a few Web 2.0 features works on one platform. The mixture of Web 2.0 applications working under one site are known as Mash-ups. On the contrary according to Mayfield (2008) this combination of two or more pieces of content (or software, or websites) is one of the phenomena in social media that make it at once so exciting, fast-moving and sometimes bewilderingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-. But even more vital aspect of Web 2.0 applications is the coherence with the different platforms. Social applications are getting more and more popular on mobile devices (Phones, iPods (via podcasts)). In fact, according to BBC News (2008) one of the reasons the Internet usage on the mobile devices is increasing Web 2.0 applications. According to Drury (2008) social media applications has an ability to bring Head (Professional) and Tail (UGC) content together in all the formats (audio, video , text). As more and more professionally edited websites incorporate social media content some companies (i.e. Joost) are trying to apply Web 2.0 principals (live participation) for even bigger media platforms as TV. These applications are being tested in the Internet TV and in the near future have a good chance to redefine TV experience completely. All these changes open new opportunities for integrated marketing campaigns, where marketers are enabled to reach bigger number of audiences of consumers at all their touch points with mediated world at one-stop shop. Facebook is the most used social networking site that has involved the masses all over the world. Facebook is a social networking site, which provides users with a platform to create a personal profile page, add friends, and send messages, post on their profiles, comment on their status. Kazeniac, 2009 said that since the company was founded in 2004, it has become the top ranked social networking site. According to Facebook Statistics (2009), there are over 300 million current active users (i.e. users that have logged-on in the past 30 days). Facebook users have claimed the site a necessity, along the lines of oxygen, water, and food (Verna, 2009). For many people, visiting Facebook has become an integral part of their daily lives, and has even caused some to have an unhealthy obsession with the site. According to Elizabeth Cohen (2009), a CNN medical correspondent, therapists are seeing more and more Facebook addicts, who become compulsive Facebook users to the point where the site interferes with relationships, jobs, and normal daily life. The site has transformed social communication in the 21st century, with Facebook and other Social networking sites reaching hundreds of millions of people across the globe. Facebook achieves the comptetive edge by adding new features and developments on a continuous basis. Since it is free to create an account, Facebook has to generate its revenue elsewhere, through a venue such as advertising. Companies can utilize Facebooks features to reach their audiences in different ways. Gangadharbatla (2009) states that Social networking sites are changing the way advertisers reach consumers, and that these changes are transforming online advertising all together. There are a variety of ways to use Facebook, and the different features allow creativity and experimentation in advertising. For instance, when users log-on, they are taken to a homepage called a News Feed which highlights recent activities from other users. Each Facebook account also includes a personal profile page, a Wall to write public messages to other users, Facebook-generated applications (photos, events, groups, video, notes, and links), and an inbox to write private messages to other users. T he site also allows users to add optional features called Platform applications to connect in new ways. According to Facebooks statistics (2009), more than 70% of Facebook users utilize Platform applications on a monthly basis. Since these Platforms are optional, it is significant that users are seeking out additional Facebook features and uses for the site. The purpose of Facebook has shifted, as the continued popularity of added features proves that its users are looking for more than just casual networking with friends. A few of the currently popular platform applications include games, fan pages, and gifts. Social-network gaming company Zynga has dominated the site with applications such as FarmVille, Cafà © World, and Mafia Wars. Zynga has over 126 million monthly active users, making it the leading Facebook development platform. The company reported that they currently spend approximately $50 million on Facebook advertising annually, and this figure is expected to increase as the company continues to develop over the years. The games allow Facebook users to purchase virtual products with a credit card, as a means to advance further in the game. Techniques such as these provide Zynga with Facebook-user generated revenues and encourage more advertising and developing on the site. Advertisers can also utilize the option to create a free fan page, where companies and individuals can invite users to become a fan of a product, service, person, company, brand, etc. The page is set up similarly to a profile page, with the option to add status updates, photos, announcements, etc. According to Facebooks statistics (2009), over 10 million users become fans of pages on a daily basis, which provides growing possibilities to reach consumers without any financial risk. The updates on the fan pages are also displayed on the home page news feed of the fans who have joined as fans. There is also a chance to buy birthday gifts, as Facebook has expanded its gift shop to include real gifts alongside virtual ones. This type of online shopping connects cyber space with the real world, so that what happens online does not necessarily stay online. Impact of Social media advertising Castells, 2000 states that it has long been suggested that the western world in particular operates in a network society. The leitmotif of societing the link is more important than the thing is central to tribalism. Crucially, tribalism encourages dialogue in many directions and combinations; Business to Consumer (B2C), Customer to Business (C2B) and Consumer to Consumer (C2C). Drury (2008) suggests that when analyzing social media marketers too often concentrates on the media factor, when social element is the key, because marketing within social media is about building a relationship and conversation with the audience, where the simple message delivery is changed by ongoing exchange of perceptions and ideas between company and the consumer. Haven (2008) argues that social media key elements are not entirely new as features of sharing, connecting, opining, broadcasting and creating has been long in our lives, but there are several characteristics of new technologies and behaviors that set them apart from the past: Reach Historically, audiences for the common person have been limited: a tribe, family, friends, neighbors, or the local community. Todays technologies provide scale and enable anyone to reach a global audience. Accessibility The means of production for most media used to lie in the hands of enterprises with unlimited resources (financial or human). Todays technologies for media creation are available to anyone at little or no cost. Usability The means of production typically required specialized skills and training, both technically and creatively. Todays technologies simplify those processes, or in some cases reinvent them, so anyone can create and operate the means of production. Transparency People, especially Americans, historically kept personal information to themselves and had a general distrust of authority (enterprises, government, etc.). Today, people are willing to share anything about themselves (interests, location, family situations, health condition, etc.) in a public venue, and todays technologies make that both possible and purposeful. Recency When people did have the means of production and distribution in the past (albeit limited), the time lag between communications was typically long (days, weeks, or even months). It was a limitation of the technology or system in which it operated. Todays technologies enable instantaneous responses and dialog where only the participant determines the delay in response. From the results of a research, Ofcom (2008) identified the following fundamental principle of social networking; By extending their social networks, users have the opportunity to communicate with people who share their interests and with people from different countries, cultures and backgrounds (Ofcom,2008). And, Communication with family and friends was found to be the main reason adults used social networking sites (Ofcom, 2008). Next Thing Now (McCann, 2008) said that 74% of social media users use the social media to be able to get in touch with their friends. This fact emphasizes on the fact the social network advertising has to be dealt with care and for the reason of not getting into the line of bad publicity. Glen Urban argued that the customer has much more power then ever before because of the three main reasons: More information. More alternatives. Easy transaction. A study from Delloite Touche USA narrated that 62% of the U.S consumers read consumer generated online reviews and 98% of them find these reviews reliable enough. 80% of these consumers say that these reviews have affected their buying intentions. According to Lockhorn (2007) word of mouth campaigns can take off very quietly through niche communities and can be powerfully persuasive, or conversely result in an astonishing backlash. This perhaps is not good for products, the habitat in which they are pushing to gain an entry is not notably considerate, and even if they do get a break, there is still a lot of competitor brand presence. James, in 2009 states that In a UK study by Jam/MySpace in early 2009, 26% of social media users said they already felt bombarded by too much clutter/advertising. The social media networking is uncommon and challenging and the brands that do not comply to the requirements will have to combat as their competitors reap on the market share. But the ones that can exploit the environment stay to make deeper relationships with the audience, and increase their brand awareness. The information over a social network spreads like a fire. Thus a bad word or a wrong mode of communication will also travel to millions of people at the same time, accessible by millions. The User Generated Content (UGC) can become an influential message of the consumer to the consumer (C2C) about the company and therefore should be carefully monitored. In fact, the content is the new message in social media channels. According to Eikelmann (Eikelmann et al, 2008) the best marketers can do in this environment is to try to engage with the consumers through social media in order influence these messages. Drury (2008) proposes that instead of sending simple messages, marketers should provide the audience with content that would intrigue them and would also be a means to kick off conversations at. Therefore, influence will become a standard measurement in Marketing 2.0 (Dowdell, 2008). As blogger and social media strategist Douma (2008) put it: The age of persuasion is over. Welcome to the age of influence. Give us the people control and we will use it, if you do not give us control you will lose us (Jarvis, 2009). Control now lies with the users, their perceptions, opinions, demands, satisfaction is what matters more. Previously, the powerful; companies, institutions and governments believed they were in control, and they were. Now the internet allows us to speak to the world, to organise ourselves, to find and spread information, to challenge old ways, to retake control (Jarvis, 2009). Companies realize this shift in control when they can stop holding on to what is lost, and start indulging in what is going to attract consumers. Engagement means giving the users content that is interesting and would appeal the masses, also providing them space where they can discuss the content. The control can be handed to the consumer. If the consumer spreads out a positive word for brand, this will create a positive image for it. Social media communities are used by humans, for a brand to prevail, it must use emotions, or undergo the subsequent results. Jarvis 2009 quotes Today, when you lose a customer, you dont lose just that customer, you risk losing that customers friends. And thanks to the internet and blogs and consumer rate and review services, your customers have lots and lots of friends all around the world. According to Powell (2009) The brand is no longer

Essay --

In the novel, Emma, Austen introduced her audience to a new idea of patriarchy. While she is known to satirize society for the â€Å"faulty education of female children, limited expectations for girls and women, and the perils of the marriage market† (â€Å"Austen, Jane†). Austen expresses the irony of the men of her patriarchal society and proposes the ideal gentleman in Mr. Knightley. In Emma, Austen moves away from â€Å"a traditional idea of 'natural' male supremacy towards a 'modern' notion of gender equity† (Marsh). Jane Austen is a revolutionary in the way she transforms the idea of Nineteenth Century patriarchy by not â€Å"reinforcing the traditional gender stereotypes† (Rosenbury) but instead challenging the status quo. While her characters still hold some ties to traditional ideals, Austen proves to be ahead of her time, influencing the way gender is regarded today. In the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, the idea of patriarchy ruled the many societies all over the world. Particularly in Britain, its â€Å"overarching patriarchal model† (Marsh) had â€Å"reserved power and privilege for men† (Marsh). Also during this time period feminist literature began to arise and was invaded by, â€Å"the complex social, ethical, and economic roots of sexual politics†¦ as testimony to gender bias and the double standard† (â€Å"Sexual Politics and Feminist Literature†). In Jane Austen’s writing, readers have been aware of her constant themes of female independence and gender equality. However, many have criticized the author for the fact that many of her â€Å"individualistic† female characters have ended up married. However, â€Å"for pragmatic reasons, the author’s conclusions favor marriage as the ultimate solution, but her pairings predict happiness† (â€Å"Austen, Jane†). Als... ...ied about his intentions during the entire novel, no one truly knows him. Frank’s uncle, Mr. Churchill is inferior to his wife in regards of control. Throughout the novel the reader hears more about his wife than they hear about him. Their relationship represents complete switch of the traditional idea of man being superior to woman. The Knightleys however, John and Isabella, are purely conventional and are ideal couple for Nineteenth Century society’s times. Mr. Elton does not represent true gentility while Mr. Weston too gentle. Although all of these characters have their flaws, Austen finds her perfect figure in George Knightley. His infallible nature is unrealistic, yet it gives society the ultimate gentleman to aspire for. Austen’s Emma is more than a comedic novel of manners but also a quintessential piece that fits perfectly into the lives of today’s society.

Human Experience: Miracles Essay

In our society today, through medical and scientific breakthroughs, to extensive and higher levels of knowledge, the idea of miracles becomes overshadowed by explanations. There are many people who could be described as â€Å"doubting Thomas'† because to believe, they feel that they â€Å"need to see†. Almost anything can be explained if one tries hard enough. Most of the cure miracles in Luke’s Gospel can be shown to have happened to people with diseases, traced back to mental and nervous disorders. However, it is still evident that lots of people across the word still believe in miracles, as over 200 million people visit Lourdes each year. All of the Miracles found in Luke’s Gospel, are signs of the Kingdom of God as it is obvious that the divinity of God is present, when the lame can walk, and the blind can now see. These miracles give hope to those who are themselves, in need of healing, as they show that Jesus will help them in their time of need, it also helps to strengthen their faith. Through the study of these miracles, it is easy to see that universalism is a main characteristic of Luke’s gospel, as in every miracle, it is the outcast, the marginalised, who is healed. Jesus often paired the healing with forgiveness of sins. There are many Holy sites throughout the world, that are renowned for the miracles that have taken place there, such as Lourdes, Fatima, and Knock. Lourdes is probably the most visited of these sites, garnering over 200 million pilgrims every year. Over 7000 cures have taken place in Lourdes, but only 67 have been recognised as â€Å"miraculous† by the Catholic Church. The latest recognised miracle was that of Anna Santaniello, who on a visit to the Baths of Lourdes was healed of her acute heart condition on the 19th of August, 1952. She was brought to the baths on a stretcher, and left walking by herself. â€Å"In front of the Grotto, I prayed to the Blessed Virgin Mary that she would restore this young man to full health so that he could at least continue to work.† Anna was a kind, selfless woman, who then went on to help unfortunate children find families and homes. Often, those healed went on to help others who were in need, following on in the example of Bernadette Soubirous, who joined the Sisters of Charity of Nevers convent, as an assistant infirmary and then a sacristan. It is clear that the numerous charities in action today, who are responding to those in need, are following in the example that Jesus set. Charities such as Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½caire, and Children in Crossfire, are constantly trying to help children and families in under developed countries. An example of the kind of people that Trocaire helps every day, is that of Juan Francisco Trujillo, aged 16, from a remote village called Caserà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o Chilama in El Salvador. His family live on the opposite side of the river to the rest of the village. Flooding cuts his family off from their village. When this happens, Juan Francisco cannot go to school. ‘There is a large boulder in the middle of the river. If the water is over this boulder, I know it is too dangerous to cross’, says Juan. Another example of someone helped through the work of Trocaire, is Mary Akai, who suffers from Aids who is a member of the HIV/AIDS support group at Love and Hope Centre, three of her children died of AIDS. She calls the founder of the centre, Sister Patricia Speight, her new mother. â€Å"I thought I was dying,† she said. â€Å"I owe my recovery to Sister Patricia. She fed me from a spoon when I was too low.† Many of those in need, visit â€Å"faith healers† and though some genuinely believe that they can cure people of disease, many are con-artists who steal innocent people’s money, or some actually try to â€Å"heal† or get rid of â€Å"demons† from children. ‘Ndoki’ was said to target children particularly either when still in the womb or in early childhood through a piece of food infected with the evil spirit, said Dr Hoskins who has made an extensive study of traditional religions in Africa. â€Å"We know that ndoki does exist. Back home and everywhere else too there are people who are used by the devil to bring a curse or bad luck to other people’s lives, even to kill them,† says Pastor Modeste Muyulu. Dr Hoskins, is a consultant to the Metropolitan Police on religiously-motivated ‘ndoki exorcisms’, agrees instances of extreme violence are rare. â€Å"My experience of Africa and the Congo where I’ve lived for years and travelled a lot is that Congolese people love their kids,† he said. He also believes that some of the churches and charities set up by Congolese people in the UK were simply â€Å"money-making schemes†. Antoine Lokongo, the editor of a Congolese newsletter, Congo Panorama, believes the growing violence in exorcisms is due to western influence. Two women and a man from England were arrested for the abuse of an eight year old girl who they suspected of having ‘ndoki’. The girl testified that the adults slapped, punched and kicked her repeatedly. One pushed a kitchen knife into her chest until it drew blood. She told police, â€Å"It’s because my auntie says I have witchcraft. She dances and laughs when she hits me.† AB was beaten with belt buckles and a high-heeled shoe. She was only fed tea and bread. The adults seemed particularly concerned that the girl would practice her evil powers at night time. So they woke her up twice and rubbed chilli-peppers into her eyes. They forced her into a large plastic bag, allegedly to â€Å"throw her away for good† by drowning her in a nearby river. But they changed their mind at the last moment. In conclusion, miracles will always be relevant to today, as at some point in our lives, we are all in need of some miracle, whether it is the strength to make it through another day, or the forgiveness of sins to heal our conscience. Although some may find it hard to believe, almost anything can be changed into something cruel and evil, in comparison to what it was before, even the miracles in the bible. But Pastor Modeste Muyulu says â€Å"But disciples should only do what the master did, I never read in the bible about Jesus Christ being violent with anybody to cast out any spirit.† Therefore we should always try to be like disciples of Jesus and help those who are in need, and never intentionally hurt another human being, as we know that Jesus himself would never do something like this.

Les Paul

Thesis Statement Within the very foundation of rock, blues, jazz and pop, the very same inventions of Les Paul denotes guitar-heavy music with an extreme debt owed to him.   Les Paul guitar models, Telecaster and the Gibson, are the most popular electric guitars among rock performers. The effects have been wide ranging, from rock and rolls Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia to legendary jazz great Duke Ellington, Les Paul has had a profound influence on musicians not only in the United States but around the world as they listened to his records and copied his style. The history of the modern jazz guitar began with many who played with Benny Goodman, (In Los Angeles in 1942, Les played with Nat King Cole on â€Å"Blues†). During his years on the main jazz scene, he revolutionized guitar playing. To be sure, there were guitarists with a longer history but it almost seems as if there are two different types of guitars.   What played before Les Paul and what played after he finished. Before Paul, the guitar was essentially an instrument of rhythm and harmonic accompaniment. Paul was known interestingly enough to develop guitar leads as he was simply creating the sound of many guitars and singers from one guitar and one voice. From the development of the electric guitar to the tape recorder were all possible only through the innovative vision of Les Paul.   Paul’s ingenious overdubbing or layered construction process of recording music was revolutionary. Les Paul Examining the development of original American music, whether it’s blues, country, jazz or rock, the reader has found, intertwined that in American music all roads lead to the guitar which in turn leads to Les Paul. Like all ironies of the truth, Les Paul's interest in music began at age eight with an interest in the harmonica.   It’s been said the inspiration came from a Waukesha ditch digger. Even though he played the piano professionally, his formal musical training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons. A bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 almost silenced his music forever.  Ã‚   He could not play the guitar for a year and a half.   It also gave him two choices; the first was to have the arm amputated or have the right arm set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing.   Clearly he chose the latter. Les Paul is the most significant contributor in the development of modern electric instruments and recording technology. Paul has lead the way in the development of the Gibson Les Paul guitar, bearing his name; the solid-body electric guitar.   This concept was developed under his design. To this day, the Gibson is one of the most well known and market tested models that still stands up as an excellent product.   On merits of its own that would satisfy as a single most important contribution to the music industry, Les Paul also the developed the multi-track recording process and various reverb and echo effects. Technically, the guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family.   Originating from Persia, the instrument reached Spain during the 12th century. Through the years, the guitar has shown versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument. In essence, Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars available in the mid 1930s so he began to experiment with the design the basic guitar. The product solved two main problems for guitar players; the â€Å"feedback† and â€Å"sustain† issues, respectively. Les Paul designed and constructed one of the first solid-body electric guitars in 1941.   Based on Paul’s designed in the early 1950’s, the Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee designed a guitar integrating Paul's properties. Subsequently, the company and Paul got together and professional relationship was established. Hence, what is now known as the â€Å"Les Paul† model was born. Originally it was developed only in a â€Å"gold top† version which was the central part of the agreement between Paul and Gibson.   However there were a few rough spots along the way between the two entities. Gibson Les Pauls were modified by the company over the years and clearly Paul always preferred to oversee the process.   But in the end Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today. To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists. Multi-track recording In an experiment that bean in Les Paul's garage, Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence â€Å"double-fast† when played back at normal speed for the master. Paul would record a track onto a disk, and then record himself playing another part with the first. This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Capitol Records released the recording â€Å"Brazil† in 1947. â€Å"As multi-track recording gradually became standard practice in rock, the distinction between recording and mixing as separate stages of a project grew. It is not uncommon at the mixing stage to move a project to a different studio or to hand over recorded tracks to a new engineer. (Zak, pg 128) Making records is intrinsically a collaborative creative process, involving the efforts of a team whose members interact in various ways. Because of Les Paul’s the â€Å"artist† is mostly the tasks involved in making a record. Pre and post production has become the foundation to many artists’ careers, once again thanks to Les Paul. Without equal, even within today’s music industry a legacy of innovations has been handed down by Les Paul and taken up by Van Halen, Joe Satriani and Steve Vai’s playing and guitar designs as they too help to redefine the instrument. (Bennett, pg 7) Les Paul has had a staggeringly life long influence over the way American and world popular music has sounded over the last 5 generations.   Even today the influence is honored and recognized and as on of the most significant impact upon the jazz, blues, rock, hip hop music worlds. What seems most striking about Les Paul, even at the age of 91, is how he has bridged popular music-making and technology. Paul touches on what will be central issues in the aesthetics of production and reception in pop: relations between the performers’s body and instrument, how sounds are attached to instruments and the way musical sounds. And because of him, in homes that could scarcely afford furniture of any kind, let alone a piano, the heart of the musician, found its outlet wood or metal across which a few wire strings. Reference(s) Zak III, Albin J.  Ã‚   The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. Publisher: University of California Press. Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 128. Bennett, Andy Guitar Cultures Publisher: Berg. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 7.